Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad. Problema de salud en la comunidad universitaria y politécnica ecuatoriana / Prevalence of overweight and obesity. Health problem in the Ecuadorian university and polytechnic community

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar investigaciones relacionados con la prevalencia de bajo peso, sobrepeso y obesidad en el ámbito universitario para determinar los indicadores de la determinación de este problema de salud. Método: Revisión descriptiva, la búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó a partir de las bases de datos como Scielo, Dialnet, Lilacs, Scopus. PubMed y Portal Regional de la BVS. Que permitió seleccionar 33 artículos científicos. Resultados y conclusiónes: A partir de las investigaciones consultadas los investigadores determinar que, en la mayoría de estas, se da a conocer resultados sobre la prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso, sin tener en cuenta el bajo peso y normopeso. Además, en las investigaciones abordadas para determinar la prevalencia de la obesidad y sobrepeso, se realiza a partir del IMC con los datos de la talla y peso corporal de los sujetos investigados y factores los factores sociodemográficos de la población investigada.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze research related to the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in the university setting in order to determine the indicators of the determination of this health problem. Method: Descriptive review, the bibliographic search was carried out using databases such as Scielo, Dialnet, Lilacs, Scopus. PubMed and Regional Portal of the VHL. Which allowed the selection of 33 scientific articles. Results and conclusions: From the researches consulted, the researchers determined that, in most of these, results on the prevalence of obesity and overweight are reported, without taking into account underweight and normal weight. In addition, in the researches approached to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight, it is done from the BMI with the data of the height and body weight of the investigated subjects and the sociodemographic factors of the investigated population.

Equations for calculating ideal body weight in patients on mechanical ventilation in adult intensive care units in Latin America: exploratory review / Ecuaciones para calcular el peso ideal en pacientes con ventilación mecánica en unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto en Latinoamérica: revisión exploratoria

Abstract Introduction Ideal body weight calculation is used in critical medicine for drug dosing and setting ventilation parameters. However, the suggested and used equations were designed on the basis of anthropometric variables that do not represent the Latin American population. Objective To map and present the current evidence on the equations used to calculate ideal weight in patients on mechanical ventilation in intensive care units in Latin America. Material and Methods Exploratory review using the Joanna Briggs Institute method conceived by Arskey / O'Malley. A search was performed in the BVS, LILLACS, REDALYC, Ovid, Google Scholar and Scielo databases using keywords and MeSH terms in Spanish, English, and Portuguese, with no time limitation. The results are presented in descriptive tables. Results Overall, 1126 studies were identified and 1120 were excluded; 6 studies were reviewed and 3 additional studies were identified through a manual search. The studies were published in Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador, and Peru. In 89%, the ARDS Network equation was used to calculate tidal volume. Acute respiratory distress syndrome was the most reported pathology (33%). Conclusions Adult intensive care units in Latin America use the equation suggested by the ARDS Network, which was designed in a population with different anthropometric characteristics.

Resumen Introducción El cálculo del peso ideal se utiliza en medicina crítica para dosificación de medicaciones y programación de parámetros ventilatorios; sin embargo, las ecuaciones sugeridas y usadas fueron diseñadas con variables antropométricas que no representan la población latinoamericana. Objetivo Mapear y presentar la evidencia actual de las ecuaciones utilizadas para calcular el peso ideal en pacientes con ventilación mecánica en unidades de cuidado intensivo de Latinoamérica. Material y métodos Revisión exploratoria con el método del Instituto Joanna Briggs concebido por Arskey y O'Malley. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos BVS, LILACS, Redalyc, Ovid, Google Scholar y SciELO con el uso de palabras clave y términos MeSH en idiomas español, inglés y portugués, sin límites de tiempo. Los resultados se presentan de forma descriptiva. Resultados Se identificaron 1.126 estudios, se excluyeron 1.120, se revisaron seis y se encontraron tres adicionales mediante búsqueda manual. Los estudios fueron publicados en Chile, Brasil, México, Ecuador y Perú. En el 89 % se usó la ecuación del ARDS Network para calcular volumen corriente. El síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda fue la patología más informada (33 %). Conclusiones En las unidades de cuidado intensivo adulto de Latinoamérica se usa la ecuación sugerida por el ARDS Network diseñada en población con características antropométricas diferentes.

Ninguém é tão perfeito que não precise ser editado: fetiche e busca do corpo ideal / No one is so perfect that they need not be edited: Fetish and the search of the ideal body / Personne nest si parfait quil na pas besoin dêtre édité: Fétiche et la recherche du corps idéal / Nadie es tan perfecto que no necesita ser editado: fetiche y búsqueda del cuerpo ideal

Resumo Este artigo problematiza o aspecto fetichista da imagem do corpo ideal a partir da discussão do calendário de uma clínica de nutrição e estética. Discute-se a dinâmica de formação de massas, conforme a teoria freudiana, para pensar como um padrão de corpo perfeito pode ser eleito como ideal a ser alcançado por indivíduos nas sociedades contemporâneas. A lógica do mercado sustenta a imagem dos corpos ditos perfeitos na posição de fetiche e oferece acesso a essa suposta conquista por meio de produtos e serviços que trariam plenitude. Tal estratégia busca velar a castração oferecendo um substituto palpável que nega a falta e afirma a completude do outro, sustentando uma legião de pessoas que se envolve numa busca quase compulsiva pela realização desse ideal.

Abstract This article analyzes the calendar of a nutrition and aesthetics clinic to discuss the fetishistic aspect of the ideal body image. We verify the dynamics of mass formation, according to Freudian theory, to posit how a perfect body pattern can be elected as the ideal to be achieved by individuals in contemporary societies. The logic of the market sustains the image of the so-called perfect bodies in the position of a fetish, offering access to this supposed conquest through products and services that would lead to fulfilness. This strategy aims to veil castration by offering a palpable substitute that denies the faults and affirms the completeness of others, sustaining a legion of people engaged in an almost compulsive quest towards accomplishing this ideal.

Résumé Cet article questionne l'aspect fétichiste de l'image du corps idéal par l'analyse du calendrier d'une clinique de nutrition et d'esthétique. Nous discutons de la dynamique de la formation de masse, selon la théorie freudienne, pour réfléchir comment un modèle corporel parfait peut être élu comme idéal à atteindre par les individus dans les sociétés contemporaines. La logique du marché soutient l'image des corps dits parfaits comme un fétiche et permet d'accéder à cette supposée conquête à travers des produits et services qui en apporteraient la plénitude. Cette stratégie vise à assurer la castration en offrant un substitut qui nie le manque et affirme la perfection de l'autre, soutenant une légion de personnes qui se lancent dans une quête compulsive pour la réalisation de cet idéal.

Resumen El presente artículo problematiza el aspecto fetichista de la imagen del cuerpo ideal a partir del análisis del calendario de una clínica de nutrición. Se discute la dinámica de formación de masas, según la teoría freudiana, para pensar cómo un patrón de cuerpo perfecto puede ser elegido como lo ideal a ser alcanzado por individuos en las sociedades contemporáneas. La lógica del mercado sostiene la imagen de cuerpos perfectos en fetiches y ofrece acceso a esa supuesta conquista por medio de productos y servicios que traerían la plenitud. Tal estrategia pretende velar la castración, ofreciendo un sustituto que niega la falta y afirma la completud del otro, lo que sostiene una legión de personas involucradas en una búsqueda casi compulsiva para concretizar ese ideal.

Concepciones y valoraciones del cuerpo en jóvenes del noroeste de México / Conceptions and values of the body in young adults of Northwestern Mexico

Resumen Mientras que la delgadez actualmente constituye el ideal corporal (IDC) preponderante en las sociedades occidentales, la obesidad prevalece con niveles nunca antes vistos. Esto ha influido en cómo hombres y mujeres se perciben y viven su cuerpo. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las concepciones y valoraciones del IDC y la percepción y aceptación del propio cuerpo en jóvenes universitarios del noroeste de México, un contexto sociocultural en el que prevalece la obesidad. A partir de una perspectiva socio-antropológica, se trabajó con 308 jóvenes universitarios, de entre 18 y 24 años de edad (202 mujeres y 106 hombres). La construcción del IDC en los jóvenes concuerda con el discurso aceptado y difundido socialmente, basado en valoraciones estéticas y de salud. En general, los jóvenes expresaron moderada insatisfacción corporal y rechazo de la obesidad; mientras que el IDC fue delgado, firme y curvilíneo para las mujeres, en tanto que fuerte y musculoso para los hombres. Por tanto, se identificó un desfase entre lo que ellos y ellas desean, lo que perciben de su imagen corporal y la propia aceptación, con claras diferencias por sexo.

Abstract Currently thinness is the ideal body (IB) while in western societies obesity has reached levels never seen before. This situation has influenced how men and women perceive their bodies. The aim of this paper was to describe conceptions and values of the IB as well as the perception and acceptance of the body in university students from the northwestern Mexico, a sociocultural context where obesity prevails. From a socio-anthropological approach, we worked with 308 university students among 18 and 24 years old (202 women and 106 men). The construct of IB matches with the socially accepted discourse based on aesthetic and health values. In general, participants expressed moderated body dissatisfaction and rejected obesity; the IB for women was slim, firm and curved while for men was muscled. Therefore, a gap was identified between what women and men want and perceive of their body image and self-acceptance, with clear differences by sex.

Gender Differences in the Effects of Weight, Weight Perception, and Weight Satisfaction on Depression in Adolescents

PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate gender differences in the association between depressive symptoms and weight, weight perception, and body satisfaction among Korean adolescents. METHODS: A secondary data analysis was performed on data from 33,374 adolescents who participated in the 2015 Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey. They were classified as underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; weight perception was classified into perception of being underweight, normal weight, or overweight/obese; and weight satisfaction into desire to gain weight, satisfied, and desire to lose weight. RESULTS: Among boys, perception of being underweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07~1.35) and desire to gain weight (AOR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.30~1.62) were associated with depression. Among girls, perception of being overweight or obese (AOR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.07~1.29) and a desire to lose weight (AOR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.18~1.42) were associated with depression. CONCLUSION: Gender differences were observed in the association between weight perception and depression in adolescents. The perception of being underweight among boys and the perception of being overweight/overweight among girls were associated with depression. Thus, gender-specific intervention programs to correct weight perception and weight satisfaction are needed in order to relieve depressive symptoms in adolescents.

Comparison of several dosing schedules of intravenous dexmedetomidine in elderly patients under spinal anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Many clinicians have probably used subjective, unscientific methods for dose reduction to avoid overdose in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to compare several dosing schedules of intravenous dexmedetomidine (DEX) to identify the appropriate dosing schedule within the therapeutic dose range for adequate sedation of elderly patients under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: After administration of spinal anesthesia, a loading dose of DEX was injected over 10 min in three groups with the following dosages: group A, 1.0 μg/kg of actual body weight; group B, 1.0 μg/kg of ideal body weight (IBW); and group C, 0.8 μg/kg of IBW. Then, a maintenance infusion (0.5 μg/kg of each BW/h) was administered. The bispectral index score (BIS), the time required to reach BIS 80, airway obstruction score, and the occurrence of bradycardia were recorded. RESULTS: The changes in the BIS among the groups over time were found to have statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). The times required to reach BIS 80 were 6.1 ± 5.3 min, 5.0 ± 3.6 min, and 11.0 ± 8.6 min in groups A, B, and C, respectively (P < 0.001). The airway obstruction score and the frequency of bradycardia did not have statistically significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: An initial loading dose of DEX that is 0.8 μg/kg of IBW over 10 min, followed by an infusion rate of less than 0.5 μg/kg of IBW/h may be adequate for sedation in elderly patients receiving spinal anesthesia.

Comparison of several dosing schedules of intravenous dexmedetomidine in elderly patients under spinal anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Many clinicians have probably used subjective, unscientific methods for dose reduction to avoid overdose in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to compare several dosing schedules of intravenous dexmedetomidine (DEX) to identify the appropriate dosing schedule within the therapeutic dose range for adequate sedation of elderly patients under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: After administration of spinal anesthesia, a loading dose of DEX was injected over 10 min in three groups with the following dosages: group A, 1.0 μg/kg of actual body weight; group B, 1.0 μg/kg of ideal body weight (IBW); and group C, 0.8 μg/kg of IBW. Then, a maintenance infusion (0.5 μg/kg of each BW/h) was administered. The bispectral index score (BIS), the time required to reach BIS 80, airway obstruction score, and the occurrence of bradycardia were recorded. RESULTS: The changes in the BIS among the groups over time were found to have statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). The times required to reach BIS 80 were 6.1 ± 5.3 min, 5.0 ± 3.6 min, and 11.0 ± 8.6 min in groups A, B, and C, respectively (P < 0.001). The airway obstruction score and the frequency of bradycardia did not have statistically significant differences among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: An initial loading dose of DEX that is 0.8 μg/kg of IBW over 10 min, followed by an infusion rate of less than 0.5 μg/kg of IBW/h may be adequate for sedation in elderly patients receiving spinal anesthesia.

A loading dose of 1 µg/kg and maintenance dose of 0.5 µg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine for sedation under spinal anesthesia may induce excessive sedation and airway obstruction

BACKGROUND: For many drugs, dosing scalars such as ideal body weight (IBW) and lean body mass are recommended over the use of total body weight (TBW) during weight-based dose calculations. Doses based on TBW are frequently used, and this may cause under- or over-dosing. Because dexmedetomidine (DEX) overdosing could increase the incidence of side effects, and spinal anesthesia may increase sensitivity to a sedative agent, determining an appropriate dose is critical. METHODS: Eighty patients were randomly divided into 2 groups, the IBW and TBW groups. Patients received a loading dose of DEX 1 µg/kg IBW or TBW for 10 min, followed by a continuous infusion at 0.5 µg/kg/h IBW or TBW after the induction of spinal anesthesia. The patients' vital signs, bispectral index (BIS), peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, time to reach a BIS of 80, airway obstruction score, and coughing were monitored and recorded at 0, 10, 30, and 50 min after the start of the loading dose injection. RESULTS: The changes in BIS, airway obstruction score, the incidence of side effects, and time to reach a BIS of 80 did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, airway obstruction and/or coughing occurred in both groups, and the average BIS in both groups was lower than the target BIS of 60-80 at 30 and 50 min. CONCLUSIONS: A loading dose of DEX 1 µg/kg for 10 min, and a maintenance dose of DEX 0.5 µg/kg/h of either IBW or TBW, may induce excessive sedation, airway obstruction, and/or coughing under spinal anesthesia.

Estimación del agua corporal total y del peso seco, usando impedancia bioeléctrica tetrapolar de multifrecuencia (BIA-4) en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Total body water and dry weight estimation by using multi-frequency tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance

Antecedentes. La medición del "peso seco" en pacientes renales se ha tornado difícil por el sinnúmero de variables que en él intervienen, dada la importancia de conocerlo por cuanto con él se determina el tratamiento diálitico, farmacólogico y nutricional se ha trabajado en diferentes ecuaciones y métodos para obtenerlo. Objetivo. Describir la composición corporal, el agua corporal total y el peso seco de pacientes con enfermedad renal en Hemodiálisis Materiales y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en seis fases, desde el año 2001 al 2010. Con el método de BIA-1 Y BIA-4 (bioimpedancia de unifrecuencia y tetrapolar) y la ecuación Ramírez-Almanza. Para la determinación del peso seco se utilizaron los valores de normovolemia e hipervolemia y se utilizó un nuevo instrumento para diagnóstico nutricional VGS-MIS. Resultados. El 50% de los pacientes estudiados tenían un diagnóstico de Diabetes e Hipertensión, el 87% con riesgo leve de desnutrición, solo el 3% sin riesgo de desnutrición. El punto de cohorte de la Resistencia dada por la bioimpedancia de 550 permite determinar que pacientes con valores por debajo de éste son sintomáticos con una alta sensibilidad 73% y una especificidad de 50%. Para el agua total corporal es posible utilizar la ecuación Ramirez-Almanza pues tiene una buena correlacion mediana (0.76)con el índice de impedancia de Kushner. La VGS-MIS es el mejor método de valoración encontrada hasta ahora para paciente renal porque involucra diferentes parámetros físicos, nutricionales, clìnicos y bioquímicos. Conclusión. El uso de la Bioimpedancia en paciente en hemodiálisis ha permitido una mayor exactitud en el cálculo del agua corporal total, peso seco y estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis.

Background. Dry weight assessment in renal patients has got difficult because of many variables which are taken into account to do it. Because it is used to determine the dialytic, pharmacological and nutritional treatment in such patients, it has worked on different equations and methods in order to obtain it. Objetive. To describe body composition, total body water and dry weight of patiens who suffer from renal disease and are under hemodialysis. Materials and methods. A transversal descriptive study was carried out by six phases from the year 2001 to 2010. It was used the Unifrequency Tetrapolar Bioimpedance (BIA-1), the Multifrequency Tetrapolar Bioimpedance (BIA-4) and the Ramírez-Almanza equation. Normovolemia and hipervolemia values were used to establish dry weight and a new instrument was used in nutritional diagnosis to global subjective valuation in renal patient under hemodialysis, the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS). Results. 50% of the studied patients had a diabetes and hipertension diagnosis, 87% were in a low risk of desnutrition, just 3% without any risk of desnutrition. The Resistance cohort point given by the bioimpedance of 550 allows to determine who patients with values under of this are somatics with 73% a hight sensibility and a 50% specificity. To total water weight it is possible to use the Ramirez-Almanza equation due to it has a good mediana correlation (0.76) with the Kushner Impedance Index. VGS-MIS is the best assessment method used until know on renal patient because it involves different physic, nutritional, clinic and biochemic parameters. Conclusion. Bioimpedance use on patient under hemodialysis has led a higher precision in the total body water, dry weight and nutritional state in such patients.

The Impact of Weight Changes on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Adult Men with Normal Weight / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Although it is known that losing weight has an effect on the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the studies that show how losing weight affects the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for the normal weight male adults are limited so far. In this study, we set body mass index as criteria and investigated how the weight changes for 4 years makes an impact on the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for the male adults who have the normal body mass index. METHODS: From January to December of 2004, among the normal weight male adults who had general check-up at the Health Promotion Center of Ulsan University Hospital, 180 people (average age, 47.4 +/- 4.61 years) who were diagnosed with fatty liver through abdominal ultrasonography were included in this study and were observed according to the variety of data and ultrasonography after 4 years (2008). People who had a history of drinking more than 140 g of alcohol per week or who had a past medical history were excluded from the analysis. The weight change of subjects was calculated using the formula 'weight change = weight of 2008 (kg) - weight of 2004 (kg)' and classified into three groups, loss group ( or =3.0 kg). The odds for disappearance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in those three different groups were compared. RESULTS: Among 180 subjects, compared with stable group (67.2%, 121 subjects), loss group (11.7%, 21 subjects) showed 18.37-fold increase in the odds of disappearance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.34 to 77.80) and gain group (21.1%, 38 subjects) showed 0.28-fold decrease in the odds of disappearance of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (95% CI, 0.10 to 0.83). CONCLUSION: Even for the normal weight people, losing weight has an effect on the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

A Study on Classification of Obesity for Koreans based on the Articles in the Korean Journal of Community Nutrition: Articles Enlisted from 1996 to 2011 / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to provide information on obesity assessment for Koreans. Among total of 1012 research papers enlisted in the Korean J Community Nutrition form 1996 to 2011, 248 articles were examined in which subjects were divided into more than 2 groups by obesity rate. About the method of anthropometric data collection, more than half of the research papers examined 52.5% and 28.7% of studies utilized the directly measured data and self-described data, respectively. About the utilization of obesity assessment methods, indirect methods of weight-height index (BMI, BMI percentile, and Rohrer index) and PIBW (WLR, Broca index, and KDA) were 62.4% and 23.2%, respectably, and the direct method of percent body fat assessment was only 9.3%. The most frequently utilized methods were WLR in under primary and primary school children, and BMI in the middle and high school students and in adults. For primary school students, WLR was the most frequently utilized method up to 2007, but it changed to BMI percentile afterward. Broca Index was no longer utilized since 2008. There were no articles utilizing BMI percentile and Rohrer index for obesity assessment in adults. Criteria for obesity assessment were not consistent among research papers: for example, % body fat, 19~40%; BMI, 20~30; BMI percentile, 85th or 95th. In the case of PIBW, 120% of ideal weight was the most frequently utilized criterion for obesity. Based on these findings, we suggest that proper methods and criteria of obesity assessment for each age group should be determined and proclaimed.

Effects of Dosages of Remifentanil Calculated by Total Body Weight and Ideal Body Weight to Intubation Circumstances and Adverse Hemodynamic Responses

BACKGROUND: Remifentanil presents good intubation conditions and blunting adverse hemodynamic responses following intubation. So, we evaluated to determine optimal dosage of remifentanil for intubation which consider ideal body weight. METHODS: 160 ASA class 1-2 patients were selected and divided 4 groups, which were composed of 40 patients. Group 1 and 2 were administrated dosage calculated by TBW (total body weight). Each group was administrated intravenous continuous infusion dose of 1.0 ug/kg/min of remifentanil during 2 minutes followed by intravenous bolus dose of 2 mg/kg of propofol (Group 1) and 2.0 ug/kg/min of remifentanil followed by same dose of propofol (Group 2). Group 3 and 4 were administerated same dosage of Group 1 and 2 but administrated dosage calculated by IBW (ideal body weight). We didn't use any muscle relaxant. Intubation conditions and postintubation hemodynamic responses were assessed by 5 items based on GCRP (good clinical research practice), MAP (mean arterial pressure) and HR (heart rate). RESULTS: We have done intubation safely 60, 75, 55 and 98% of Group 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Group 1, 3 have 'technically unacceptable' cases, but group 2, 4 have 'clinically unacceptable' cases. Hemodynamic responses of Group 4 were more stable than Group 2, especially obese patients. Obese patients present a problem for the appropriate dosing of remifentanil and profound hypotension and/or bradycardia developed more frequently when administerated agent calculated by total body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal dosage which produce best intubation conditions and least side effects has to be determined according to IBW.

Body Image Recognition and Dietary Behaviors of College Students According to the Body Mass Index / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was performed to investigate the body image perception by BMI and the dietary behaviors in 803 college students (408 males and 395 females). The degree of obesity was divided into an underweight group with BMI less than 18.5 kg/m(2), a normal group with BMI of 18.5~22.9 kg/m(2), an overweight group with BMI of 23~24.9 kg/m(2) and an obese group with BMI over 25.0 kg/m(2). The average ages of subjects were 22.9 years in males and 20.2 years in females. The average weight and height of male subjects were 175.3 cm and 69.6 kg, respectively and those of female subjects were 162.5 cm and 52.0 kg, respectively. The average BMIs of male and female subjects were 22.6 kg/m(2) and 19.7 kg/m(2), respectively. The distribution of subjects who perceived their current body image as ideal body image was 25.7% in males and 10.9% in females, showing that the body image satisfaction of male subjects was 1.5 times higher than that of female subjects. Body image perception for their own bodies was mostly shown as the average or standard shape both in males and females with 64.2% and 54.2%, respectively, but males showed a higher perception rate than females and 31.1% of females and 19.5% of males perceived their bodies as lean shape (p < 0.01). The body image satisfaction was 4.20 in males and 3.70 in females, showing more satisfaction in the male subjects (p < 0.001). The correlation between body image and physical variables in male subjects indicated that CBI and IBI showed statistically significant correlation and also BMI showed statistically significant correlation with IBI (p < 0.001) and CBI (p < 0.001). The frequency of eating out increased as the frequency of skipping meals increased (p<0.001) and the frequency of having snacks increased as the frequency of eating out increased (p < 0.01). The correlation between body image and physical variables in female subjects showed that CBI and IBI (p < 0.001) had statistically significant correlation. Body weight showed statistically significant correlation with CBI (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001) and height (p < 0.001). The frequency of eating out increased as height (p < 0.01) and the frequency of skipping meals (p < 0.001) increased. When both male and female subjects wanted leaner body shapes, they preferred much leaner shapes despite their current body images belonging in the normal range. Additionally subjects preferred the body image in the normal range in cases when their current body images were lean. In particular, more female subjects had strong desires to become leaner in their body images than male subjects, which could be analyzed as a risk factor for physical harm. From the above results, it is considered that both male and female subjects need to establish proper recognition and dietary behaviors for their body images and also need nutritional education and counseling for desirable weight control methods.

A Comparison Study on Ideal Body Mass Index and Body Mass Index for Assessing Nutritional Status of Hospitalized Patients / 医学研究杂志

0.05).The ideal body mass index of undernutrition and obesity prevalence was relatively high,while overweight rate was relatively low (P

Comparative consistency between obesity determination standards using Body Mass Index and Ideal body weight

BACKGROUND: Ideal Body Weight(IBW) is commonly used to determine obesity levels because of its usefulness as target weight. This study was attempted to evaluate the comparative consistency between standards of determining obesity levels using the BMI and IBW. And the authors here provide a definition of IBW and attempt to suggest a new classification of obesity by IBW. METHODS: The test subjects for the research were 24,816 patients who received treatment at the SNUH Health Promotion Center between May 1, 1996 and December 31, 1999. The comparative consistency between standards of determining obesity levels using the BMI and IBW were analyzed calculating the kappa value. RESULTS: The IBW from the Broca method produced a kappa value of 0.668(p<0.001), while the calculation method for IBW recommended by the Japan Obesity Institute produced a kappa value of 0.664(p<0.001). On the other hand, an IBW calculated as 21(kg/m2)X[height(m)]2 (kg) produced the highest value of consistency at a kappa value of 0.911(p<0.001). After calculating IBW as 21(kg/m2)X[height(m)]2 (kg) and comparing the kappa values while adjusting the boundary zone standards, it was found that defining underweight as below 88% of IBW and obesity as above 145% produced the highest value of concurrence at a kappa value of 0.935(p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The validity and confidence with respect to the definition of IBW and the determination method for obesity as proposed by the authors may be confirmed through the methods high level of consistency [kappa value=0.935(p<0.001)] with determination methods using the BMI.

Determinants of Effective Dose of Thiopental Sodium, Propofol and Etomidate in Elderly / 대한마취과학회지

BACKGROUND: Many drugs are commonly administered according to total body weight or age basis. However, drugs are primarily distributed to the lean body mass. This study was undertaken to find out the best determinant for drug requirements during induction in elderly. METHODS: Forty-five ASA 1 to 3 male and female patients older than 65 years scheduled for elective surgery were divided into 3 groups and received thiopental sodium 62.5 mg/min (group T, n = 15), propofol 25 mg/min (group P, n = 15), or etomidate 5 mg/min (group E, n = 15) respectively. Kendall's tau test for correlations was used to describe the relationship between drug requirements for induction and total body weight, lean body mass determined by Weisburg's modification of Gubner's formula, ideal body weight calculated by Devine's method, and body surface area. RESULTS: Loss of consciousness was obtained with a thiopental sodium dose of 128.4 +/- 29.3 mg, propofol 59.8 +/- 13.6 mg, and etomidate 9.8 +/- 1.4 mg. Kendall's tau correlation test showed that requirements of drugs were related to lean body mass (group T, r = 0.490*, group P, r = 0.433*, group E, r = 0.493*, global P < 0.05) and ideal body weight (group P, r = 0.426*, group E, r = 0.434*, p < 0.05), but not to total body weight or body surface area. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that drug requirements for induction of anesthesia correlate better with lean body mass and ideal body weight than with total body weight or body surface area in elderly patients.

A Study of the Obesity Index and Psychosocial Factors Influencing Obesity among Adolescent Girls / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary intake, obesity index and psychosocial factors influencing obesity among 200 high school girls in Seoul. The Social Cognitive Theory provided the Conceptual basis for this study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine factors related to obesity, including self-efficacy for controlling overeating, social support for eating behavior, perception of body image and weight control, nutrition knowledge, and attitudes toward obesity. The data were analyzed using t-test and multiple logistic regression. The results of this study are as follows : 1) The mean age of the girls was 16.4 years, and the rate of overweight and obesity(measured by obesity index) was 27.0%. 2) The mean energy intake of subjects was 1832.3+/-384.0kcal. The energy derived from carbohydrates, proteins and fats was 62.7%, 13.8%, and 23.5%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the obese and the comparison group in energy intake. 3) The result of multivariate analysis indicated that obesity had a significant relation to the perception of ideal body image, social support for eating behavior, and self-efficacy for controlling overeating(p<0.01). As subjects preferred thinner body images(OR=0.39) and received less social support(OR=0.93), the odds of being classified as obese increased. The odds of being obese were also associated with self-efficacy, however, the relation was not strong(OR=1.04). 4) Specific social support was related to obesity among adolescent girls. As subjects received more support from family member, the odds of being obese decreased. The emotional support as well as family member's positive nutrition behavior plays a significant role. In addition, instrumental support from friends was associated with obesity. With repect to self-efficacy, the odds of being obese were increased as subjects felt less confident in controlling overeating when tempting food was placed in front of them or after an argument. In contrast, the obese group felt more confident in controlling overeating for the rest of the specific situations examined. These findings suggest that educational interventions for weight control should incorporate strategies to help participants realize their degree of obesity, to reduce the discrepancy between current and ideal body image, to elicit and maintain social support from friends and family, and to increase the self-efficacy for changing eating behaviors.

A FORMULA FOR CALCULATING THE IDEAL BODY WEIGHT OF CHINESE YOUNG MEN / 营养学报

Based on the body height and weight of the Chinese young men, 975 from the north and 921 from the south of China, actually measured, a calculating formula for the ideal body weight of young men both of north and south listed blow was established. The Northener's ideal body weight (kg) = [height (cm) - 150] ? 0.6 +50; the Southener's ideal body weight(kg) = [height (cm.) - 150] ? 0.6 +48. The formula later checked by another data of body height and weight of 783 young men from north and 883 from south has been proved to be reliable. It also showed that the ideal body weight of 1464 young men from north and 2264 from south calculated according to the formula seemed to be more reasonable than the another's formula used previously.